How to Find Cancer Early

More than 2 million people are expected to be diagnosed with cancer in the United States this year, and cancer remains the second leading cause of death in the U.S. and worldwide.^1,2 For most cancers, the earlier they are found, the easier they are to treat and the better the outlook.

But there is no single test that finds every cancer. Catching cancer early comes down to a mix of recommended screenings, knowing your personal and family risk, making healthy choices, and paying attention to changes in your body. Here's how to put all of that together.

Cancer screening is designed to detect cancer before it causes symptoms, ideally at an early, more treatable stage, or in some cases to catch and remove pre-cancers before they ever become cancer. Screening does not diagnose cancer on its own; if a screening test is positive, follow-up testing is needed to confirm a diagnosis.³

An ideal screening test has four key features³:

• It can detect cancer or abnormal cells before symptoms appear

• It finds cancer early, when it is easier to treat

• Treating what it finds actually lowers the chance of death or disability

• It has low rates of false-positive and false-negative results

No test is perfect. A screening test can be negative when cancer is present (a false negative) or positive when there is no cancer (a false positive). A good test keeps both to a minimum.³

This is a key point many people don't realize: only a handful of cancer screening tests are proven to reduce the chance of dying from that cancer. Those are mammography (breast), HPV and Pap testing (cervical), colonoscopy and stool-based tests (colorectal), and low-dose CT (lung).⁴

For nearly all other cancers, there is no recommended screening test yet, which is why they are often found only after symptoms appear.⁴ That gap is a major reason researchers are working on newer approaches like the multi-cancer tests described below.

Two organizations lead U.S. screening recommendations. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) is an independent panel of prevention experts that reviews the evidence and sets recommendations on who to screen, when, and how often.⁵ The American Cancer Society (ACS) also issues regular screening guidelines for breast, cervical, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer.⁶

The guidelines below are for people at average risk; those at higher risk because of family history or other factors may need to start earlier or screen more often.

Mammography is the primary screening tool for breast cancer. The USPSTF recommends a mammogram every two years for average-risk women ages 40 to 74.⁷ The ACS recommends⁸:

• Ages 40–44: optional yearly mammograms

• Ages 45–54: yearly mammograms

• Ages 55+: mammograms every 1–2 years, continuing while in good health with a life expectancy of 10+ years

Clinical breast exams are no longer recommended by either group. Breast MRI is used in addition to mammograms for women at high risk, such as those with a known genetic mutation, such as BRCA, or a strong family history of breast cancer.⁹

Cervical cancer is screened with the Pap test (cytology) and HPV testing. General guidance: no screening before 21; a Pap test every 3 years from 21–29; and from 30–65, either a Pap every 3 years, HPV testing every 5 years, or both together every 5 years.¹⁰

Newer developments include a growing shift toward primary HPV testing and the availability of HPV self-collection in some clinical settings, which may make screening more accessible. Most people can stop screening after 65 if they've had adequate normal results.¹⁰

The USPSTF recommends starting colorectal screening at age 45 for average-risk adults, continuing to 75, and making an individualized decision from 76 to 85.¹¹ Options include⁶:

• Stool-based tests: fecal immunochemical test (FIT) or fecal occult blood test (FOBT) every year, or a stool DNA test every 1–3 years

• A blood-based colorectal screening test (FDA-approved in 2024), typically every 3 years

• Flexible sigmoidoscopy or CT colonography every 5 years

• Colonoscopy every 10 years

Colonoscopy is considered the gold standard because it can find and remove polyps before they become cancer, and it's the recommended follow-up if another screening test is positive.⁶

A yearly low-dose CT scan is recommended for adults ages 50 to 80 who have a 20 pack-year smoking history and either currently smoke or quit within the past 15 years.¹²

There is no universal recommendation to screen; instead, the ACS advises men have an informed discussion with their provider about whether screening with the PSA (prostate-specific antigen) blood test is right for them. That conversation is recommended at:¹³

• Age 50 for men at average risk

• Age 45 for men at higher risk, including African American men and those with a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65

• Age 40 for men at highest risk, such as those with more than one first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65

Screening is generally not recommended once life expectancy is under 10 years.¹³

Up to about 10% of cancers are linked to inherited gene changes passed down in families.¹⁴ Knowing your family history helps you and your doctor decide whether genetic counseling and testing make sense. Consider bringing it up if your family includes a relative diagnosed with cancer before about age 40, one person with multiple related cancers (such as breast and ovarian), or the same cancer across multiple generations.¹⁵

Genetic testing, usually done from a blood or saliva sample, looks for inherited mutations, such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and Lynch syndrome genes, that raise the risk of cancers like breast, ovarian, colorectal, and pancreatic.^14,15 A positive result doesn't mean you'll get cancer, but it can guide earlier or more intensive screening and prevention. A genetic counselor can help you choose the right test and interpret the results.

Screening finds cancer early; prevention can help keep it from developing in the first place. The ACS estimates that a meaningful share of cancers are linked to modifiable lifestyle factors.¹⁶ Steps that lower risk include:

• Maintaining a healthy weight (excess weight is linked to colorectal, breast, pancreatic, and other cancers)

• Limiting or avoiding alcohol

• Eating more fruits, vegetables, and whole foods and fewer processed and red meats, sugary drinks, and ultra-processed foods

• Staying physically active

• Not smoking, and getting help to quit if you do (smoking is the leading cause of preventable cancer)

Two vaccines also help prevent cancer: the HPV vaccine (which lowers the risk of cervical and several other cancers) and the hepatitis B vaccine (which lowers liver cancer risk).¹⁵

Most early cancers don't cause symptoms, but as cancer grows, warning signs become more likely. See your provider if you notice any of these, especially if they persist or are unexplained:

• Unexplained weight loss

• Fatigue that doesn't improve with rest

• New or changing moles, yellowing skin (jaundice), or unusual skin changes

• Unusual bleeding, such as blood in the urine or stool

• A cough or hoarseness lasting more than a couple of weeks

• Ongoing bloating, indigestion, or abdominal discomfort

• A new lump or swelling anywhere in the body

These symptoms usually have causes other than cancer, but they're worth getting checked.

Because most cancers still have no recommended screening test, researchers are developing new options. Some biomarkers, proteins or DNA fragments shed by tumors, are already used to guide treatment (PSA is one example used in screening).¹⁷

The most talked-about new category is multi-cancer early detection (MCED) testing, a blood test that analyzes DNA shed by cancer cells to look for a signal shared by many cancers, sometimes more than 50, including many that lack routine screening. Everlywell now offers an MCED test through Caris Detect.

These tests are not yet FDA-approved (they're offered as lab-developed tests) and are not part of routine screening guidelines, but the evidence is growing. In 2026, the first randomized controlled trial of an MCED test reported that adding annual screening to standard care led to about four times more screen-detected cancers and a greater than 20% reduction in stage IV (advanced) diagnoses, though it did not meet its primary goal and did not yet prove reduced deaths.¹⁸ For now, MCED tests are meant to add to, not replace, your recommended screenings.

Finding cancer early is less about one magic test and more about a habit: stay current on the screenings recommended for you, know your family history and genetic risk, make choices that lower your risk, and speak up about new or persistent symptoms. Your healthcare provider can help you build a screening and prevention plan that fits your age, history, and risk.

At Everlywell, we offer a range of at-home lab tests to support your health journey. Our 360 Full Body Test provides a broad view of your health across 83 biomarkers.

For those who want to add a layer of proactive cancer screening, Everlywell offers two multi-cancer early detection tests:

• The Caris Detect Multi-Cancer Early Detection Test, which screens for a signal shared by 50+ types of cancer, along with genetic counseling to help you understand your results.

• The Galleri Cancer Screening Test, which looks for signals from more than 50 types of cancer and predicts the likely tissue of origin to help guide follow-up with your provider.

Both are meant to complement, not replace, your recommended screenings. And our virtual care visits connect you with a licensed provider who can answer questions and offer personalized guidance, on your schedule.